法律智慧的知识注入：通过诊断和正负样本强化学习探索大语言模型咨询

作者

近年来，随着生成式大语言模型（LLMs）的广泛应用，其在法律领域也得到了越来越多的关注。然而，对于没有法律背景的用户来说，在面对法律案件时，他们往往难以用专业语言进行提问，也可能在向LLMs陈述案件时忽略关键的法律因素。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了诊断式法律大语言模型（D3LM），它利用类似律师的适应性诊断问题来收集额外的案件信息，并提供高质量的反馈。

D3LM结合了一种创新的基于图的正负样本强化学习（PURL）算法，能够生成关键问题，并增强用户与LLMs的交互。此外，一个集成的基于LLMs的停止准则，可以实现精确的法院观点生成（CVG）。我们的研究还引入了一个新的基于美国案例法数据库的英语CVG数据集，为LLMs研究和部署领域增添了重要维度。D3LM超越了传统LLMs，在法律领域展现出卓越的性能和非凡的用户体验。

法律服务的新纪元：D3LM的优势

传统LLMs在法律咨询中存在局限性，用户往往需要自行组织语言，而LLMs则无法主动引导用户提供更详细的信息。D3LM则不同，它就像一位专业的律师，通过一系列针对性的问题，引导用户提供更多案件细节，从而更准确地预测法律结果。

例如，假设一位客户因酒吧斗殴而被指控故意伤害。传统LLMs可能会基于客户提供的模糊描述，给出笼统的法院观点，但由于信息不足，可能会忽略关键细节。而律师则会通过一系列针对性的问题，深入了解案件细节，例如：”您当时是否处于酒精影响下？“，”酒吧是否有监控摄像头记录了事件？“。D3LM则能够自动生成类似的问题，在不增加额外成本的情况下，更深入地理解案件，并提高法律结果预测的准确性。

知识图谱与强化学习：D3LM的核心技术

D3LM的核心技术在于将LLMs与法律知识图谱相结合，并利用正负样本强化学习（PURL）算法来生成关键问题。

1. 法律知识图谱： D3LM将美国案例法数据库中的案件信息转化为结构化的事实-规则图，并利用“问题、规则、分析、结论”（IRAC）框架，将复杂的案件叙述简化为简洁的表示形式。

2. 正负样本强化学习： D3LM通过随机遮蔽事实节点，生成一系列关于案件的潜在问题。然后，利用LLMs对遮蔽后的案件描述进行重建，并生成相应的法院观点。通过比较重建后的法院观点与真实法院观点，模型可以学习到哪些问题对于预测法律结果更重要。

3. 法院观点生成： D3LM基于PURL算法，能够根据用户提供的案件信息，生成更准确的法院观点。它能够识别案件中的关键因素，并通过一系列针对性的问题，引导用户提供更详细的信息，从而提高法院观点生成的准确性和可靠性。

突破性数据集：为法律AI研究提供新基准

为了更好地评估D3LM的性能，我们创建了一个全新的英语CVG数据集，该数据集基于美国案例法数据库，并经过法律专业人士的严格审核。该数据集弥补了英语法律分析数据集的不足，为法律AI研究提供了新的基准。

实验结果：D3LM的卓越表现

我们对D3LM进行了全面的评估，并将其与其他基准模型进行了比较。实验结果表明，D3LM在生成美国法院观点方面表现出色，在ROUGE和BLEU指标上均取得了最佳成绩。

此外，我们还进行了用户体验测试，结果表明，用户对D3LM的可靠性和满意度评分均高于GPT-4.0。这表明，D3LM的交互式提问方式，更能满足用户对法律咨询的实际需求。

展望未来：法律AI的无限可能

D3LM的出现，为法律AI研究开辟了新的道路。未来，我们将进一步探索D3LM在其他领域，例如医疗和咨询领域的应用，使其能够为更多用户提供更便捷、更精准的服务。

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